Summary of Article Nursing in Ireland

Crusades Essay -- essays research papers

In the time of 1095, Pope Urban II began what we know as the Holy Wars or the Crusades. Over the period from 1095-1464, a progression of military undertakings were battled to reclaim the Holy Land, Jerusalem, from the Seljuk Turks. There were eight campaigns, which were prodded for various reasons by a wide range of individuals that left an enduring impact to the world. These long periods of gore were driven by men of capacity to oversee the Holy Land of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was critical to the Muslims and Christians as of now. Numerous strict occasions had occurred there, and a large number of the tourist spots of the two religions were situated in Jerusalem. The Crusaders neglected to recover the Holy Land, yet the Eastern associations opened Europe to a more splendid comprehension of idealistic methods of living and thinking. There have been numerous contentions with regards to what fuelled the Crusades, and strict devotion is one of them. Jerusalem is a sacred city to both the Muslims and the Christians on the grounds that numerous noteworthy strict occasions have occurred there. In Jerusalem there is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which stands of the slope where Christ was accepted to have been executed, kicked the bucket, covered, and where he rose once more. Presently if Jerusalem was so essential to both the Muslims and Christians obviously they would battle to keep it or deal with it. Pope Urban II required the main campaign to liberate the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks that took over in 1070. In his discourse he stated, â€Å"Seize the land ...

6 Audiobooks by Native, First Nations, or Indigenous Authors

6 Audiobooks by Native, First Nations, or Indigenous Authors This list of audiobooks by Native, First Nations, or Indigenous authors is sponsored by Book Riot Insiders, the exclusive digital hangout for the Book Riot community. Its a new year, and that means new perks. Weve sweetened the current Short Story and Novel levels and introduced a brand new Epic level, and you can try any level out for free for two weeks! The highlight is our new group read, available to all Epic members and theres no cap on Epic, so the more the merrier. Each quarter well read a book, voted on by Epic subscribers, that will fulfill at least one task of the 2020 Read Harder Challenge, and cap off our read-along with a live chat. But wait, theres more! Get the full details on this and all the other perks, and sign up at insiders.bookriot.com. The new year always brings dozens of brand new reading challenges, including one of my favorites, Mallory Whiteduck’s Native Literature Challenge (on Instagram). Her challenge is perfect for bookish types wanting to read more literature from First Nations, Native, or Indigenous authors. When it comes to audiobooks, I always keep my eye out for titles with own voices narrators and treasure the ones I find. Today, I’m excited to share a few of my all-time favorites with you! The Round House by Louise Erdrich, Narrated by Gary Farmer Louise Erdrich, of the Ojibwe Nation, is one of the most beloved Native American writers of our time. Her writing creates images and feelings that stay with you long after you’ve listened to the final, memorable pages. Her National Book Award winning novel The Round House is no exception. Part mystery, part coming-of-age tale, The Round House tells the story of a Native American boy grappling with the aftermath of his mother being sexually assaulted. Erdrich proves a masterful storyteller as she weaves together this novel about a young man’s search for justice and his realization that the people he loves most may never receive it. The audiobook edition is narrated by Gary Farmer, a First Nations actor born into the Cayuga Nation. Farmer’s voice beautifully enhances the story, filling each sentence with the depth of the protagonist’s feelings. Trail of Lightning by Rebecca Roanhorse, Narrated by Tanis Parenteu In 2019, I read Rebecca Roanhorse, of Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo descent, for the first time. Her novel Trail of Lighting starts after the end of the world has come and gone, but the Dinétah (Navajo) people have survived. In a world now filled with supernatural beings, Maggie, a Dinétah, is a badass lady monster hunter who reluctantly chooses to help search for a missing girl. On her quest, Maggie runs into all sorts of supernatural beings who may or may not want her killed for unknown, personal reasons. Tanis Parenteau, a member of the Métis Nation of Alberta, provides the perfect amount of personality in her narration, making Maggie’s character come alive. I loved this audiobook so much that I immediately started the sequel Storm of Locusts. It’s just that good. Heartbeat of Wounded Knee by David Treuer, Narrated by Tanis Parenteu Another audiobook narrated by Tanis Parenteau, Heartbeat at Wounded Knee stood out to me as one of the best nonfiction titles I read in 2019. David Treuer, of the Ojibwe Nation, follows the contemporary history of Native Nations from 1890 to the present, emphasizing that the Indigenous peoples of North America never disappeared as some might like to think. In 500 pages, Treuer covers a lot of ground, but Parenteau’s narration is up for the task, guiding readers through many decades of turmoil and advances in Native American life. Growing Up Aboriginal in Australia edited by Anita Heiss, Narrated by a Full Cast Part of a series of anthologies featuring the experience of minority groups in Australia, Growing Up Aboriginal in Australia is a collection of essays edited by Anita Heiss, a member of the Wiradjuri Nation of Central New South Wales. The strength of this anthology is its intersectional look at the Aboriginal experience, including a wide variety of Aboriginal writers from different sexual orientations, genders, classes, abilities, and ages. The essays are narrated by a full cast, all of whom are of Indigenous or Aboriginal descent. In addition to adding an authentic quality to the performance, the rotation of narrators tells the reader when one essay has ended and another has begun and provides a fresh voice for each new perspective. Crazy Brave by Joy Harjo, Narrated by the Author Our current Poet Laureate, Joy Harjo of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, published her memoir a few years ago, proving her skill at prose as well as poetry. Harjo narrates the audiobook with delicacy and grace, her voice flowing from one paragraph to another. Her poetic talents infuse the prose with an exceptional tone and style. Instead of reading the poems she’s included in the text, she sings, powerfully and effectively combining her two great loves, words and music. Heart Berries by Terese Marie Mailhot, Narrated by Rainy Fields Terese Marie Mailhot, a First Nations author from the Seabird Island Band, published her memoir Heart Berries in 2018 to great acclaim. She tells the story of her life in short, non-linear chapters, like a photo album she’s flipping through and pointing out the memories that have stayed with her. Mailhot confronts her past, the trauma that she has experienced, but makes no promises of a resolution. This is her story, as much as she will share, and that’s enough. Rainy Fields, a member of the Muskogee (Creek) Nation, performs the audiobook edition, beautifully capturing the flow and cadence of Mailhot’s prose. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Vaccines And Its Effects On Children - 1325 Words

Vaccines are essential to a person’s everyday life and well-being. A person who sneezed in their hand just touched the same door handle that everyone else does. Most people don’t worry that they touched the same item or breathe the same air as someone else because the risk of them contracting a disease such as polio, or diphtheria are extremely low because most people are vaccinated against such diseases. Without the creation of vaccines the population of the world could be completely eliminated. Vaccines are one of medicines greatest advances and has increased our overall life expectancy. Children are vaccinated out of the womb which can prevent sixteen disease that a person can contract. Vaccinations have been proven to eliminate diseases, but controversy continues to surround the vaccinations of people, how they work, mandating, benefits, and side effects. A vaccine is a combination of ingredients injected into a person to protect against a certain disease. Vaccines have allowed us to almost eliminate diseases like small pox, and polio. In order to keep these diseases from becoming an epidemic we must continue to produce safe vaccinations for everyone. Vaccines go through rigorous tests to make sure they are safe and effectively protect us from diseases. Thimerosal, which is only found in the influenza vaccine, contains mercury. The CDC also states that â€Å"Americans have never been healthier than we are today and vaccines have never been safer than they are today.Show MoreRelatedVaccines And Its Effects On Children1404 Words   |  6 Pagesadverse reactions from the vaccines? Today, there are many vaccines, they are in such high demand that even a simple flu has a vaccine. Vaccines are created to protect us. The main function of vaccines it to build our immune system and fight against many bacterias. However, adverse reactions have become severe over the last couple of years, leaving some parents with no child. Therefore, parents shouldnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t be punished for not vaccinating their children because, vaccines can cause many adverse reactionsRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1503 Words   |  7 Pagesawful diseases, while that is the last thing on most of the world’s minds now. Vaccines have transformed human life. Parents should vaccinate their children because it saves lives, the vaccines are safe, and the risks of not vaccinating can harm children more than the vaccines themselves. Vaccines were created in 1796 by Edward Jenner, an English scientist. Edward Jenner formed the Royal Jennerian Institute when vaccines became more popular, but experienced some opposition towards it because of peopleRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1339 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, there are many vaccines invented by different scientists. Vaccines are so much in demand that even a simple flu has a certain vaccine. They have been invented to protect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection and diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partiallyRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1010 Words   |  5 PagesVaccines Debates have risen lately whether or not to vaccinate children. Although vaccines potentially cause negative side effects, they are a common procedure for most families each year. Over time, several case studies have developed highlighting these side effects and raised concern about whether or not to accept vaccines. However, many people are not familiar with the typical vaccine and what it actually does once inside the body. â€Å"A vaccine is consisted of killed or weakened versions of aRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1400 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines have changed the life of children with making some illnesses obsolete. The majority of parents are making sure that their children get vaccinated against potentially serious diseases. The parents that get their children vaccinated are trying to prevent the reoccurrence of these deadly illnesses. The problem arises when you have these children that have not been vaccinated around children not of age to get the vaccine for a particular disease. The older children get the disease and giveRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnot until 1796 when Edward Jenner revolutionized medical technology, with the first record of vaccines. Vaccines have diminished these diseases going from very common to little or none. Setting requirements on vaccines will not assist the reduction or eliminate them, but will also protect our youth from the wide-spread variety of deadly diseases. Multiple individuals do not truly understand what vaccines are and their true benefits and advantages of receiving them. When an individual gets ill,Read MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children914 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines have saved millions of lives since they were first invented hundreds of years ago. But, they continue be a much debated topic among doctors and parents. Their benefits are often disputed because of so-called dangers related to their administration. Although vaccines are extremely effective, parents still have the power to decide if their children will receive them or not. As a result of parents choosing to not vaccinate their children, others may become ill and government spending increasesRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children992 Words   |  4 Pages Vaccines, while known as the painful occurrence at the physicians visits of your childhood, are responsible for eradicating many of the deathly diseases of the past. While no child likes being stuck wi th a needle, guaranteed immunity to certain life altering diseases is worth the slight prick. Recent movements regarding vaccines has shed a negative light on vaccines, and if they continue to grow attention, may bring back some of the diseases that were the initial issue. Vaccines are a very helpfulRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreChildhood Vaccines And Its Effects On Children1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed and debated about whether or not people should vaccinate their children. â€Å"Childhood vaccines offer protection from serious or potentially fatal diseases† (The Mayo Clinic, 2014)†. Vaccinations prevent diseases that can affect a child with symptoms of a cold or in some cases, the disease can be much more serious and can cause disability and death. The problem is that parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children against them. With choosing against vaccinating a child becoming a common

Race and Poverty The Power of White Privilege Essay examples

The power of white privilege is something that quite frankly isn’t talked about enough but as a society many people believe that racism doesn’t exist. However, there is this unspoken advantage that whites are given called privilege, which is something that gives them a step ahead in society. Tim Wise talks about it in the video using specific examples to back up his point that white privilege is so prevalent and how others don’t even recognize that it is a serious issue. A study that was done in 2006, showed that out of 100 white people that were asked only 6% of those people thought that racial discrimination still existed in society. He also went on to mention that 2/3 of the white people who were alive during the civil right movement†¦show more content†¦White families often don’t always spend their money but invest it, save it, buy houses that gain interest over the years to have different things to pass down to their kids from when they are g etting situated in the real world after college. A lot of these white graduate students doing have to worry about paying bills and trying to make ends meet from month to month but can focus on interning at different companies without pay and build their resume for their future. These black students who have actually gotten over that color barrier and are being accepted into these top law schools cant afford to do unpaid internships and don’t have the assets but basically have to build them selves from the bottom up instead of having an unfair advantage from birth. These different white families set their children up so that they have a fresh start coming out of college. Worrying about having to pay back school loans is something that isn’t even an issue in most of the white community as college I just expected to get paid for by your parents. Sometimes these students who are becoming entrepreneurs are given the money and the recourses to start their own businesses. As a sophomore in college tryingShow MoreRelatedThe Black Power Movement During The 1950 S1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Power Movement took place during the 1950’s into the early 60’s. The point of the movement was to achieve civil rights for African Americans. Martin Luther King was a major influence during the early stages of the movement. Many people turned to the Black Panthers, founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, because they felt that nonviolence was not the answer to achieving civil rights. The Black Power Movement unsuccessfully tried to change the economic and social inequalities of blacksRead MoreAnalysis Of My White Privilege On The Lgbtq Community Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesexists with fine lines of privilege and distinctions of status. Factors that determine power and influence in mainstream society are perpetuated within the LGBTQ community and serve as indicators of division. Throughout my life, I have experienced privilege and I unders tand that as a white, gay man, I hold disproportionate influence. I understand that the factors of race and sexuality have held a considerable impact on my life and my experiences as a member of both the white and LGBTQ communities. ThoughRead MoreRacism Is Not A Problem Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesCollin McCoy Mr. Zumkhawala-Cook 25 October 2016 Today, there is a vast majority of people. Some rich, some poor, there are also some that are white, and some that are black. There are also those who have privilege and those who do not. Social privilege can be divided into many different categories such as wealth, power, and just the fact to even be considered an equal being. While many disagree that racism is not a problem in America, it is clear that it is. During the flood of hurricane KatrinaRead MoreEquality And Social Inequality Of Class And Class Equality1400 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender, which creates inequality and social divisions. (reference thoughtco) Social inequality affects the way we view other people, meaning that some people are treated better than others. (Wilson and pickett spirit level) This essay will be focusing on class and ethnic social divisions and how they highlight an unequal distribution of wealth, privilege and power. Unequal distribution can be seen in a variety of ways, such as income and wealthRead MoreThe Term ‘Race’ Can Articulate Various Connotations And1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe term ‘race’ can articulate various connotations and ideas. However, the principal idea to keep in mind is that race is not a biological term and serves its only resolution in holding or mobilizing people socially. In a determination to understand the construction of race differences and relationships, I identify conclusions from readings from Pem Davidson Buck, John Taylor Gatto and Bill O’Reilly, scrutinize the Anglo-Conformity that different races go through in predominantly white culture vicinitiesRead MoreRacism In America Racism1096 Words   |  5 PagesLeah Song Professor Dongho Cha English 161 22 October 2017 Racism in America The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended all state and local laws requiring segregation. The â€Å"whites only† signs have ceased to lurk over water fountains, bathrooms, and restaurant counters. However, that is only on legal terms and paperwork. Many Americans don’t want to admit it, but segregation is still around. Sometimes by design or by choice. The 21st century segregation exists only in our school systems and communities. ItRead MoreWhite Privilege During The Colonization Of America1531 Words   |  7 Pageshave nots. Those who come from privilege tend not to recognize those privileges, while those who fall into the marginalized groups have an uphill battle. White privilege is a set of institutional beliefs granted to those based on their skin color. These individuals have better access to privilege and resources. Much of these privileges are seen through types of employment, amount of compensation, quality of schools, and racial profiling. Among these few privileges one can see daily how the peopleRead MoreThe Three Principles Of Privilege878 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is privilege? Is it something that one is born with, or is it something that one earns as a token of an achievement? In other words, is privilege something that falls under the category of essentialism or constructionism? Depending on who you ask, the answer to this question will vary. For example, if this question is asked to a white person, their sociocultural and economic advantages as well as their inexperience with systemic racism will influence them to respond with the belief that privilegeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Honky By Dalton Conley1409 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities and privileges then others. This book is a very powerful autobiography, according to his book, written by, â€Å"not your typical middle class white male.† (prologue, p. xiii) He goes on to say that he is middle class, even though his parents didn’t have any money and that he is a white boy, even though he grew up in an inner city housing project where mostly everyone was Black or Hispanic. Dalton speaks about his experience as a white boy exploring his definition of race and class and sayingRead MoreWhite Privilege : How It Relates Everyday Life1294 Words   |  6 PagesWhite Privilege: How It Relates to Everyday Life How does one define a phenomenon that they are oblivious to? To answer this question, it is necessary to explore the spectacle of the hidden perspectives of racism. McIntosh described white privilege as â€Å"an invisible package of unearned assets† that are â€Å"meant to remain oblivious† (2016, p. 151). Most whites are raised to live their life with a sense of individuality and a mindset of moral neutrality that gives them the privilege to present themselves

Broadcasting Quality Free Essays

Broadcasting organizations exist basically to communicate to people. Whether radio or TV stations are Government, Commercial or Private, whether programmes are spoken word, music, commercials or community announcements, in all cases the message needs to get through. The emphasis in programmes must always be on quality, both content and sound. We will write a custom essay sample on Broadcasting Quality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Staff engaged in program presentation need to be conscious of making the broadcasting system seem to be transparent to the audience. Listeners and viewers should only be aware of the actual program and not the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the radio and / or TV station. In order to ensure High Quality Broadcasting, a Broadcaster or Broadcasting company should by all means be instrumental in enhancing our understanding of the world – To inform its audiences and arm them with a better understanding of the world through news, information and analysis of current events and ideas. It is a function which comes hand in hand with the Stimulation of knowledge and learning, since the content should be of capable of stimulating its viewer’s interest in the knowledge of arts, sciences, history and other topics through content that is accessible to its projected recipients and can easily encourage informal learning. Representing diversity and alternative viewpoints is by all means also a component of responsible quality broadcasting. It is one its main purpose to make people aware of different cultures and alternative viewpoints, by showing programmes that reflect the lives of other people and other communities. One of the major influences affecting broadcasting would be the existing Socio-Economic factors. Economic components have long played a key role in public policy toward broadcasting, not only where private commercial systems dominate but also where there is a public funding mechanism. Major national public service broadcasters are large programme production industries that collectively represent a substantial capital and operating investment. Many of them have had commercial support, and no matter how â€Å"non-commercial† the production distribution-reception process, it is usually closely associated with (and profits from) a substantial private, profit-oriented industry that manufactures receiving sets and electronic equipment. But broadcasting’s direct contribution to the gross national product has been modest, especially when compared to most societies† major sources of economic activity (Blumler, 2000; 26). In the field of digital television broadcasting, North America has been some years ahead of the rest of the world in its faith in what could be done with very powerful image compression systems. The open decision–making process which has taken place in the United States for advanced television (ATV) is a considerable achievement, and a great credit to the many individuals involved. In Europe, considerable expertise has been accumulated in image compression and digital modulation, but a range of factors and circumstances have influenced the profile given, until recently, to studies of digital terrestrial television broadcasting. These have included pessimism that the planning environment in Europe would allow the development of digital high definition terrestrial television with reasonable coverage, and pessimism that sufficiently attractive picture quality could be achieved with the bit–rates that are possible in terrestrial networks. Today there is clear recognition in Europe that we must pursue quality digital television broadcasting, that we should be undaunted with the problems, and that we should explore the potential solutions, this is because the prize for success w ill be considerable. An international committee, the European Launching Group (ELG), has been established to try to coordinate the various projects which are developing digital terrestrial television broadcasting, or indeed related systems, in Europe. This committee has a technical subcommittee, the Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting (WGDTB). The WGDTB has examined the aims of the current collaborative projects, and their timescales, and looked at the potential uses of digital television broadcasting. They arrived, at the end of 1992, at a work plan, intended to make it possible for Europe to achieve common standards for digital television broadcasting within the next few years (Altschull, 1984, p 112). European centered on the development of modulation systems appropriate for digital terrestrial television centered on the development of modulation systems for 20 GHz digital satellite television centered on the development of digital HDTV satellite point–to–point systems developing all aspects of digital terrestrial television developing all aspects of digital terrestrial television developing base band coding systems continuing studies of terrestrial and satellite planning, requirements and testing present article will outline some features of this plan, and give the background to the conclusions reached (Anand, 1993, p 156-210). What the WGDTB has done is to develop a first scenario which needs now to be taken up by experimental work. A fundamental limitation on the quality and ruggedness of terrestrial television services will be the terrestrial channel capacity. In Europe, the VHF/UHF broadcast television bands use either 7or 8 MHz channels. The working assumption has been that the system should have a bandwidth of about 7. 5 MHz. The prospect of using more than one channel in a contiguous way for a single broad-cast service seem remote, and the prospects of obtaining new frequency allocations with a wider channel spacing, even more so. Given a 7. 5 MHz channel, it seems that the upper bound on gross bit rate is likely to be about 30 M bit/s. The first task the WGDTB undertook was to evaluate the options which seemed most likely to be attractive and saleable to the European consumer in the next century, in the light of what could be seen, or predicted, as general trends in society (Anand, 1993, p 156). There is no doubt that the quality expectations of viewers are rising, and that the long–term future of television lies with HDTV. Nevertheless, the Group was also conscious that viewing habits are changing as society evolves. Therefore, when setting system goals there are dimensions other than quality which need to be taken into account (Briggs, 1999, p 145). It is not sufficient to ask what the public may want, we also need to ask when and where they will want it. Furthermore, the practical large flat–screen HDTV display, for many years regarded as the key to HDTV acceptability in the domestic environment, seems nearly as far away as ever. One underlying trend in society is toward individual activity, rather than group activity. A second element to consider is mobility. Essentially sound–radio has migrated from a group experience in the home, to a near–individual activity in the car. We could reasonably ask if some of the same evolution will apply to television to any degree, orate least whether television will also have to cope with a mobile environment. There seemed to be four options, essentially linked to different viewing environments, which were worthy of most attention. The options are as follows:– HDTV (high definition television), which offers services to viewers with very large screen receivers, using fixed roof–top aerials. – EDTV (extended definition television), which offers services to viewers with medium to large screen receivers using fixed roof–top aerials. – SDTV (standard definition television), which offers services to viewers with portable televisions using set–top aerials. and LDTV (limited definition television), which offers services to viewers with small screen receivers using whip/stub aerials in a mobile situation (e. g. in acre). In order to translate these concepts to practical sys-teems, it is necessary to decide what is meant pre-cicely by the quality in each case, and what is meant precisely by each of the receiving environments. Picture quality is difficult to quantify in absolute terms, because it is the net effect of a series of factors such as resolution, sharpness, noise, artifacts, etc. It is by no means only related to the scanning standard. The picture quality that is achieved will also be related to the source quality, the sophistication of the compression algorithm, and the bit rate used. The receiving environment can be defined some-what more easily. It is related to the bit–error distribution in which the system is required to work. In other words, it is associated with the ruggedness necessary to achieve impairment–free pictures of the intended quality. As a first assumption in the WGDTB, the roof–top environment is considered to be associated with a spectral efficiency of 4 bits/s/Hz. The portable environment is considered to need 1–2 bits/s/Hz, and the mobile environment is considered to need 1 bit/s/Hz. 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Dimensions of Picture Quality Color Television was initially conceptualized in the 1950’s. Back then, a single color picture requires three images, specifically red, green, and blue (RGB) for light emitting devices such as cathode ray tubes (CRT). This would require a 30 MHz bandwidth to provide the desired picture rate, starting from the full progressive scan picture. To reduce the bandwidth to 15 MHz for an analog RGB system, an interlace is used. Within a studio the signals are carried on three separate cables at 5 MHz or more bandwidth each, a fundamental compression scheme used in color television is to translate the three color signals into the color-difference domain where the picture is represented by a luminance (equivalent to the earlier monochrome) picture and two color difference pictures, R-Y and B-Y. Another name for this system is YUV, Y for luminance and U, V for the two color difference signals. Again using the limitations of the human visual system, in this case less color than luminance visual acuity, the bandwidth of the color difference signals is reduced by 50% for a total YUV bandwidth requirement of 10 MHz. Today, YUV signals are used in both analog and digital forms and have very little visible degradation compared to interlaced RGB video. Both forms are known as component video with YUV being used for most applications. Nowadays, there are two reasons to compress television video signals, practical limitations of processing speed (bandwidth) and cost of transmission or storage resulting from the required bandwidth. Today, the availability of high speed semiconductors and integrated circuits make the latter reason most important in nearly all applications. Virtually all video compression methods utilize the limitations of the human visual system to remove the less visible picture information that might otherwise be present. As broadcast television was being developed, display rates of 50 or 60 pictures per second were considered necessary. Discussing Quality Broadcasting and its future would not be complete without discussing the past and present of Broadcasting. Cathode-ray tube, also known as CRT’s is the technology used in most televisions and computer display screens. A CRT works by moving an electron beam back and forth across the back of the screen. Each time the beam makes a pass across the screen, it lights up phosphor dots on the inside of the glass tube, thereby illuminating the active portions of the screen. By drawing many such lines from the top to the bottom of the screen, it creates an entire screenful of images. The technology used for the display is also a critical part of the quality equation, and all broadcasters currently suffer from a lack of flat panel monitors which can be used to check that picture quality is perfect before it leaves the studio. The reason is because display are no longer made using ‘CRTs’, which had many disadvantages, but could be made as very high precision instruments when needed. This is not so easy with today’s flat panel display. An analysis of the options available for a common multiplex is currently being made. There seem to be a number of potential candidates for a common multiplex, and particular attention unfocussed on the MPEG proposals and the DAB system. A unique system for DAB and Devisees particularly attractive. a. ) HDTV Nowadays, we have different prototypes of devices which we use to enhance broadcast information quality with. One of these numerous devices would be what we call HDTV which is also known as High-Definition Television. This is basically a new television prototype that provides much better resolution and resonance than current televisions based on the NTSC standard. HDTV is a type of Digital Television (DTV) broadcast, and is considered to be the best quality DTV format available. Types of HDTV displays include direct-view, plasma, rear screen, and front screen projection. HDTV requires an HDTV tuner to view and the most detailed HDTV format is 1080i. HDTV is a digital TV broadcasting format where the broadcast transmits widescreen pictures with more detail and quality than found in a standard analog television, or other digital television formats. High definition television is defined rather loosely by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a system which has about twice the horizontal and vertical definition of conventional television. This still leaves open the amount of noise or artifacts that are permitted, and which affect the picture quality just as much as definition. In Europe, Asia, South America and across other parts of the world the PAL system is adopted by each state, and often with some unique characteristic, such as the location of the sound carrier. This means for protecting sovereign borders has made for complications in program exchange, though presumably has not impacted the set sales in any of the regions. Further-more, there is a relatively wide range of definitions available within the term â€Å"conventional television†. In addition, interlaced systems have a triangular vertical–temporal response, so it is difficult to know where the concept of â€Å"twice resolution† applies (Anand, 1993, p 210). To pin down HDTV, we have to look at the combined effect of all the quality factors on the picture; and, to some extent, make up new rules. It is apparent that the NTSC standard sets the limits today in television quality. The NTSC system is a composite system, meaning the color or chrominance information is embedded in the luminace information. In over-the-air and cable transmission there are frequently micro reflections produced, which deliver somewhat delayed second or third harmonic images (which are commonly referred to as ghosting). Only so many scanning lines, so much bandwidth is in the standard. There is also the inclusion of interlace scanning, producing aliasing artifacts, interline noise (often called â€Å"twitter†), and dot crawl which is undeniably the factor which makes perfected separation by way of comb filtering of color and luminance information very expensive, thus color smearing results in most modestly priced sets without this device included. The accumulation of artifacts from the traditional NTSC standard has placed a practical size limit of the television image since most consumers perceive an increase in size as a â€Å"cause† of the artifacts, rather than merely the exposing of them. While filtering techniques have improved, the cross color and dot crawl artifacts, there remains the unalterable fact that the total amount of picture information in the broadcast standard has a specific limit. When deciding on a required picture quality we have to bear in mind the target viewing distance, and the need to ask, responsibly, for no more than is necessary. Digital compression systems all work in a similar way. The information content of the source picture varies from scene to scene. The system reproduces the content of the input picture essentially intact, until the point is reached where the transmission bit–rate will be exceeded if nothing is done. At this point, a series of approximations are made to parts of the scene. The output scene can thus have (apparently) added noise or loss of resolution, to an extent depending on the original scene content. For any practical system there will always be scenes which are reproduced perfectly, and others which are impaired. The system designer’s intention is to make the impairments occur as infrequently as possible, and be as unobtrusive as possible. The main approach examined by the WGDTB to specify the quality needed is termed the â€Å"scene–content failure characteristic†. This is a logical and scientific method, but it is also relatively ex-pensive to use. The basic element to be specified is the proportion of total programmed time which should be free of artifacts. â€Å"Freedom from artifacts† is considered to be associated with a minimum mean score of 12% in a double–stimulus continuous–quality scale (DSCQS) subjective evaluation. This is somewhat arbitrary figure, but much experience shows it to be a good rule of thumb for virtual transparency. The challenges are then, first, to decide what constitutes a sensible proportion of time for which impairment free pictures should be demanded. The second challenge is to assemble statistical evidence about the relative occurrence of different kinds of scene content, so that it can be verified that the requirements are met. In choosing the proportion of time for which impairment–free pictures could be expected, we can look to the other â€Å"statistical† domain of picture quality, which is the propagation failure characteristic, used as a planning criterion. For example, in broadcasting satellite systems (BSS), quality is required to be maintained for a defined percentage of the worst month of the year. If this kind of guide-line is acceptable for satellite systems, would it also be acceptable for terrestrial television broad-casting? Unfortunately, the answer is â€Å"not quite†. In satellite broadcasting, the â€Å"outage time† is used up in rain–fades, which occur over a period of, say, half–an–hour. The quantization–noise artifacts that are introduced by digital coding will probably be more spaced out than this, and their effects will therefore be less severe on the viewers overall perception of quality (this is sometimes called the â€Å"forgiveness effect†). However, it may be appropriate to adopt a value similar to that for the BSS as a starting point for fixing the scene content failure characteristic requirement (Anand, 1993, p 210). The WGDTB has tentatively begun by taking 99. 7% transparency as the requirement for the dig-ital terrestrial HDTV service. Coupled with this, it is assumed that the reference quality is a1250/50/2:1 HDTV studio signal, with 1440 samples/line. We do not yet have a catalogue of HDTV picture sequences and their places on a code â€Å"criticality table†, but we do have some experience from for-mar 4:2:2 code studies (Altschull, 1984, p 112). These suggest that to achieve the target transparency, the code would need to pass, unimpaired, almost all the test pictures so far devised, including the second most–stringent CCIR sequence â€Å"mobile and calendar†(critical, but even so only in the area of 80%–90%criticality). The quality target is very high, and may not be achievable at the available bit–rate. But it certainly is worth aiming high at the start. It is known from past experience that HDTV source and display equipment quality will improve, and a system which will last well into the next century would be valuable. The next key question is â€Å"what quality can be achieved with 20–30 M bit/s? † Initial tests may be possible in autumn 1993 with the HD–DIVINE system, and these would probably provide first clues. b. ) EDTV The second quality level to be discussed is termed EDTV. EDTV is a common name for a particular subset of the DTV (Digital Television) standards, but On a large display screen only. It is also known as Enhanced Definition Television or extended definition television. EDTV is considered to be specifically a part of the HDTV format but does not fall near the quality and performance of HDTV. EDTV as a whole can only simulate HDTV viewing quality. However, The EDTV prototype offers more technological advancements over the SDTV unit. EDTV operates as 480p (where 480 represents the vertical resolution and p represents progressive scan). To take advantage of the said 480p standard, video source that outputs that signal (i. e. a DVD player) must be used and the display must be able to read the 480p input signal. As an additional feature an EDTV unit also offers the benefits of Dolby digital surround sound This is not a particularly appropriate name, because the scanning standard for the system would be the normal625–line system. The level is included because large–screen HDTV receivers, which have an HDTV dot pitch, will be very unwieldy and very expensive for many years to come. An EDTV level would fulfill a need for a lower–cost and lighter receiver. Having probably a screen size less than about 30 inches, it would not be dramatically inferior to an HDTV display in perceived quality. There may also be living rooms which are not large enough to take a true HDTV receiver. The source format for EDTV is assumed to be a signal conforming to CCIR Recommendation 601, with 720 samples per line and a 16:9 aspect ratio (Starks, 1993, p 196). The codes transparency required, in terms of the percentage of program time unimpaired, would be roughly the same as for the HDTV level (al-though in this case with respect to the 4:2:2source). The best information available at the present time is that in order to achieve this level of transparency, a bit–rate of about 9–11 M bit/s is probably needed for a motion–compensated hybrid DCT system. c. ) SDTV The third quality level considered is SDTV,. Short for Standard Definition Television it is a type of digital television operation method which is able to transmit and produce images which are of a higher quality than standard analog broadcast. While SDTV does not reach near the quality of HDTV, it is definitely superior over traditional analog television. SDTV is typically a 480i signal – where 480 represents the vertical resolution and i represents interlaced. Digital cable and digital satellite programming is widely available in SDTV format. This is specifically intended to match the quality needs of portable receivers. On small–to–medium screen sizes, even today’s PAL/SECAM quality is very good. Thus, for the SDTV level, a system which has a625–line scanning format is needed, but some artifacts can also be accepted, as is the case for both PAL and SECAM. The kinds of artifacts associated with PAL/SECAM and a digital motion–compensated hybrid DCT system will be different, but it is believed that in order to achieve, globally, about the same over-all quality, a data rate of about 5–6 M bit/s is needed. d. ) LDTV The fourth quality level is LDTV, limited definition television. This is intended to match the needs of very small screen receivers, which might be used in cars, and now being incorporated to mobile phones as well. The quality requirements of this level would be about the same as the MPEG 1 codes or about VHS level. Specifying the quality requirements, and evaluating the systems in terms of their scene–content failure characteristics will be a major technical challenge, principally because of the need to establish how often scenes of a particular type of content are likely to occur. There may be alternative simpler approaches which will also help to understand and quantify the systems’ behavior. Another potential quality evaluation criterion, which the WGDTB has been asked to consider, is associated with the concept of â€Å"quality space†. Our perception of the picture quality of a given system is directly influenced by the viewing distance. The further from the screen, or the narrower the viewing angle, the less discriminating we are in terms of resolution or artifacts. One way, therefore, to see the various quality levels, is by imagining that there is a â€Å"quality space†, which is a graphical representation of picture quality–versus–viewing distance. For the picture quality axis, we use the same axis as for DSCQS evaluations (Andersen, 1990, 291). There are five contiguous and equal intervals characterized by the quality descriptors: excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. Similarly, It was specified by the EDTV system as one for which the results of assessments must fall in the excellent band at 4H. SDTV systems are those for which the results must fall in the excellent band at6H, and an LDTV system as one for which the results must fall in the excellent band at 8H. This seems a relatively clear means of defining and distinguishing between the quality levels, but experimental work remains to be done to establish its viability in practice. DISCUSSION A. Impact of Source quality Another interesting dimension to this question of picture quality concerns the impact of source quality on final picture quality under high compression. Compression systems may show a characteristic such that it could be considered (in a simplified way) that their characteristics of quality–versus–bit–rate have two regions. A Camcorder video compression device was recently developed to function effectively in a variety of applications and which could effectively address the need for high-resolution surveillance image recording. The said device is able to simultaneously encode two separate streaming images — full size and quarter size — with robust compression and high quality. The creator of the device, Showlei Associates has announced that its CamCoder video compression device will dramatically lower the cost, power consumption and size for the compression of high-definition streaming images. The IC also contains internal logic for user-programmable motion detection and watermark insertion, as well as on-board memory. High definition compression systems, as available today, do not perform as well as predictions made several years ago, with the exception of the newly created device – but the next years should bring maturity and allow more complexity in equipment. E It is a common consensus that the full benefits for broadcasters of the new advanced compression systems would be achieved eventually. However as of the present time inventors are still finding a way to get pass one of the quality defects of digital broadcasting today, this problem is the lack of synchronization between vision and sound. Achieving this may even become more difficult with more advanced codes. This still needs to be carefully evaluated by all broadcasters to find any loopholes in the said device. Conclusion The Quality of Broadcasting is by all means generated by a combination of both responsible dissemination of information and state of the art broadcasting equipment. The way in which information is disseminated and retained by the audiences would first and foremost be the determining factor as to effectiveness of the broadcasting being done. The content plays a very important role in keeping the interest of the audience and it should be discerned that without a substantially good topic, even the most advanced equipment to disseminate information would not be a factor at all. It is in this context that commitments must soon be made and it is to be of utmost importance that all administrations and organizations which will be affected by technological changes should be able to share in the accumulated understanding of the factors involved with a view to taking carefully considered decisions. To assist in this process, the ITU/BR has convened a Workshop Tomorrow’s television – Thaw IDER picture, with the support of the European Broadcasting Union and the Asia–Pacific Broad-casting Union. It aims to bring together the expertise necessary for a common understanding of the issues and, to allow a balanced representation of all contending systems, the Workshop is being held away from the main centers of study, in New Zealand. BIBLIOGRAPHY Altschull, J. H. 1984. Agents of Power: The Role of News Media in Human Affairs. New York: Longman, p 112 Anand, A. 1993. â€Å"Introduction,† 1-24 in Women’s Feature Service (ed. ), The Power to Change: Women in the Third World Redefine their Environment. New Jersey: Zed Books, p 156-210 Andersen,P. A. M. W. Lustig J. F. Andersen. 1990. â€Å"Changes in Latitude, Changes in Attitude:The Relationship between Climate and Interpersonal Communication Predispositions,† Communication Quarterly, v38 (1990): 291-311. Blumler, J. G. (2000). Public service broadcasting in multi-channel conditions: Functions and funding. In S. Barnett (Ed. ), Funding the BBC†s future (pp. 26-41). London: BFI Publishing, p 521-540 Briggs, A. (1999). History of broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Vol. 1. The birth of broadcasting. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, p 124-145 Starks, M. (1993). Public services and market forces: The BBC experience. London: British Broadcasting Corporation, p 196-214 HDTV Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/H/HDTV. html Grossman, S. (2007) A breakthrough in high-definition image compression technology http://rfdesign. com/military_defense_electronics/news/breakthrough_in_technology_0613/ What is Quality? (1996), Research Note 93. Retrieved August 20, 2007 http://www. cpb. org/stations/reports/archived/researchnote93. html What is a CRT? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html What is an SDTV? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html What is an EDTV? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html Public Service Broadcasting: annual report 2007 Retrieved August 20, 2007 http://www. ofcom. org. uk/tv/psb_review/annrep/psb07/ Austerberry, D. (2006) IBC: A move away from Broadcasting? Retrieved August 20, 2007,  © 2007 Prism Business Media In How to cite Broadcasting Quality, Papers

WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce Which eCommerce Platform Is Best

WooCommerce has long been  the go-to eCommerce solution for WordPress users. Its lightweight, full of customization options, and supportive of big and small sites. Squarespace Commerce, on the other hand, is heralded for its stunning themes and ease of use. Since theyre both popular eCommerce platforms, its time to pit WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce to see which comes out on top.Squarespace is one of the younger companies in the eCommerce game, seeing  as how it began as a basic website builder and eventually expanded into online stores. WooCommerce, on the other hand, has been a top dog for quite some time. Not only does it dominate the WordPress eCommerce market, its also the most popular overall eCommerce solution.The point of this article is to help you make an informed decision about your online  store platform. Both WooCommerce and Squarespace have respectable features and certain advantages over the other. Youll find that pricing is not the only story here. Squaresp ace offers a great experience for beginners, while WooCommerce has what you need for a fast-growing eCommerce business.Therefore, our goal is to compare WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce so you have the facts you need to make a decision  for your specific site. WooCommerce serves as a plugin that turns any WordPress site into a full eCommerce store. Its great for growing a brand and customizing every aspect of your store.Squarespace is a sleek website builder known for its world-class templates. The Commerce plan adds basic, yet intuitive eCommerce functionality, great for small and mid-sized businesses.Pitting WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: The featuresWooCommerce vs Squarespace CommerceWooCommerceSquarespace CommerceIts a completely free eCommerce WordPress plugin.Two eCommerce plans are available, one for $26 per month and another for $40 per month.Requires you to find and pay for your own web host, domain name, theme, and potential plugins.Each eCommerce plan provides hosting, along with a template library. Domains are given for free with an annual purchase.Sell unlimited products.Sell unlimited products.The design options are endless, with thousands of theme developers in the WordPress community and full control with the WordPress customizer and site files.It has a decent collection of themes made in-house. The themes are beautiful and the features respectable, but youre stuck with what is given.WooCommerce extensions and general WordPress plugins expand your development possibilities.All provided features are built-in. No apps, plugins, or extensions are offered.It comes with basic security features, but youll need to find your own SSL certificate (or choose a host that offers that feature built-in).Basic security and SSL certificates are included with your purchase.The setup is simple enough and the user-experience excellent for those familiar with WordPress. Even beginners should be able to get the hang of it.Squarespace provides a solid eCom merce solution in one package, making it easy for beginners, but a little less than what experienced developers want.It might be easy for some to make a choice based on a simple chart, but quite often thats not the case. Lets dig a little deeper into the feature differencesWooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: PricingWooCommerce starts out strong with the free plugin. Thats right, it doesnt cost you a dime to download the WooCommerce plugin and install it on your WordPress site. This means you receive some of the most powerful inventory management and store design tools on the market, all for free.However, its not an entirely  free ride.Sure, WordPress is free, but you need a self-hosted WordPress site to run WooCommerce. Therefore, you might end up spending anywhere from $5 to $100 per month. This pricing gets even higher when youre working on a huge site.That said, I would budget around $5 to $25 per month for a startup online store.Other than that, you most likely want a WooComm erce theme. Thatll run you anywhere from $40 to $100 (one-time payment).Domains typically only cost around $10 per year, and some WordPress plugins are either free or inexpensive.What that being said, the cost for premium WooCommerce plugins can quickly start to add up. And if you want to keep those plugins updated, youll need to pay a renewal fee every year.How does Squarespace Commerce compare?One thing is for sure: Squarespace pricing is much easier to understand. However, the first online store plan, called the Basic Plan, goes for $26 per month (billed annually).If youd like support for customer abandoned cart recovery, real-time carrier shipping, automatic discounts, and gift cards, the $40 per month Advanced plan is required.The winner: WooCommerceIts possible, though unlikely, to run a WooCommerce site for as little as $5 per month. That would be on the very low end for a small site, but even if you also pay for a theme and some premium extensions, its still possible to come in cheaper than Squarespace depending on your needs.Squarespace is potentially pricier than a basic WooCommerce store, but also more predictable.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: Skill levelEvaluating who might enjoy WooCommerce is an interesting task. Advanced and intermediate developers love WordPress for its control and customization options.Some complete beginners might be intimidated by the WordPress/WooCommerce interface and the process of setting up hosting. However, WordPress has so many training resources online that its quite simple to learn.Squarespace can be used by anyone. Theres a good chance that skilled developers have no interest in the somewhat limited Squarespace Commerce features, but its a beginners dream. Overall, you cant beat Squarespace if youre trying to launch a beautiful site fast.The Winner: SquarespaceI like Squarespace for beginners and intermediate users who arent interested in finding their own hosting and themes. However, many developers scoff a t the idea of making an online store on the platform.WordPress might seem a bit scary at first, but a little practice makes it accessible for beginners and advanced users alike.But in terms of overall ease of use, anyone can understand Squarespace Commerce to make a site.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: ThemesThis is one of those categories where its tough to beat out Squarespace. The entire brand has been built on making the most elegant, modern themes out there.However, WordPress and WooCommerce themes are so plentiful. You have thousands of options to choose from, so its a close race.However, Squarespace cuts down the selection process and ensures that your themes are both beautiful and functional. WordPress users know that you can find some powerful themes, but its also easy to pay for a bad one.The winner: WooCommerceReputable WooCommerce themes are much more powerful than the themes on Squarespace.However, I still think Squarespace has awesome themes. If youre looking for theme quantity, WooCommerce wins without a question, though.WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce: Extensions and pluginsSince its part of the WordPress ecosystem, WooCommerce integrates with WordPress plugins. So, if you want an SEO plugin, go with Yoast. If you need a caching plugin, grab WP Super Cache. Looking for a contact form? Contact Form 7 has you covered.Not only that, but WooCommerce offers its own marketplace of extensions from approved third-party developers (as well as some plugins straight from WooCommerce).Some of them include WooCommerce Subscriptions, WooCommerce Google Analytics, Product Search, Product Add-ons, and many more.Squarespace doesnt have any plugins or extensions. Each feature is built-in. Although you still get most required eCommerce tools, (like gift cards, abandoned carts, and email marketing), advanced tools are lacking.The winner: WooCommerceThis category is a no-brainer WooCommerce has plugins and extensions, while Squarespace does not.WooCommerc e vs Squarespace Commerce: Product managementWooCommerce streamlines product management with beautiful product pages and an interactive list for inventory. Both digital and physical products are supported and you can incorporate things like product add-ons and variants.The Squarespace product creation module has a wonderful design, allowing you to understand your inventory and create attractive product pages. Create variants and SKUs, and sell both digital and physical products.The winner: Tie for most usersI personally prefer the product creation page on Squarespace, but thats because its so easy to understand. If youre just selling basic products, the product management features are fairly similar between the platforms.However, for shops with more unique products, or shops with lots of variants, WooCommerces flexibility is going to be a much better fit. For example, Squarespace imposes a 100 SKU limit on product variants, while WooCommerce has no hard limit on variations. Addition ally, WooCommerce lets you do more interesting things, like create completely customizable products (you can see an example of this flexibility at Qà ¼ero Handmade Shoes).Who wins the WooCommerce vs Squarespace Commerce battle?For eCommerce stores that need flexibility and adaptability, the plugins and customization options make it difficult to stray away from WooCommerce.However, Squarespace still has a place in the eCommerce world, seeing as how many companies will find that they enjoy the everything is included approach with hosting, domains names, and themes packaged in.Many small businesses will also prefer Squarespace because of the easy site-building and awesome themes.If you have any questions about this comparison, let us know in the comments below. @WooCommerce is better than @Squarespace for shops that need flexibility. Here's why