Research Methodology Methods and Techniques Free Essays

Research acts as a platform for all the statistical manipulations and filtration of data and interpreting the results thereof, solving the defined problem to be search upon. The role of measurement and statistics in social science research is treated sensitively and competently. The term Research basically refers to search of knowledge is widely used in the area of Academics and various Industries as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our brain starts working and we feel that it is something related to finding new areas, collecting all related information’s and preparing a consolidated report. As the management students we are expected to have good knowledge and practice of these topics. Hence before going into the technical knowledge of these topics let’s understand the basic meaning of the terms Research Methods. Research Methods includes the concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry is a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; comparative study of different approaches; and critique of the individual methods. Research methodology, as introduced in this book, is a means to understand the ways in which social science research produces multiple accounts of the world. Further, methodology specifies how the researcher may go about practically studying whatever he or she believes can be known. Regarding the organization, the study material consists of 8 chapters, well arranged in a coherent manner with an intention to serve as a study material for MBA  students. The different sections of this study material are:Introduction to Research Methods, which basically describes the role of Research, the steps in the process considered carrying out a research, the different types of  research and brief information about ethics of a good research. Research Problem and Research Design, describing the concept, purpose and importance of a research  problem, the steps involved in defining and selecting a research problem; meaning, need, features and elements of a Research Design and the various types. Methods  of Data Collection, giving out the introduction of two types of data-Primary and Secondary, their collection procedure and the different methods and techniques  used in their collection. Data Processing and Analysis develops the understanding of collection of data, its arrangement and analysis. Measurement  and Scaling Techniques describes various types of measurement scales with the important scale construction techniques. Sampling Design helps to understand the  concepts of sampling and types of Sampling. Testing of Hypothesis gives the detailed concept about developing a hypothesis, its testing using various tests and  concluding the final result. Report Writing briefs various points to be kept in mind while compiling a report. Introduction to Research Role of Research in Business Decision‘s  Ã‚  Research is a process of using the methods of science to the art of management for decision- making. Every organization operates under some degree of uncertainty.  This uncertainty cannot be eliminated completely, although it can be minimized with the help of research methods. Research is particularly important in the decision  making process of various business organizations. To choose the best line of action (in the light of growing competition and increasing uncertainty); it is very  important that one should be able to gather all the data, analyze it and reach to the appropriate decisions. Research in common context refers to a search for  knowledge. It can also be defined as scientific and systematic search for gaining information and knowledge on a specific topic or phenomena. In  management research is extensively used in various areas. Research provides a base for your business sound decision – making. There are three parts involved in any  of your systematic finding: Implicit question posed, explicit answer proposed and Collection, analysis, and interpretation of the information leading from the  question to answer Illustration. Research comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; making  deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis?. Market Research has become an important part in management decision-making. Marketing research is a critical part of such a Market intelligence system; it  helps to improve management decision making by providing relevant, accurate, timely information. Every decision poses unique needs for information gathered  through marketing research. Thus, we can say that marketing research is the function that links the Consumer, Customer, and the public to the marketer  through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; Generate, Refine, and evaluate marketing actions and monitor marketing  performance; improve understanding of marketing as a process.  1. Research Process  Ã‚  1. 2. 1. Selecting A Topic: Topic is related to the area of interest. Literature Search: A researcher should be aware of the current research in the related area and further scope of expansion.  Ã‚  1. 2. 3. Discussion with â€Å"Informants and Interested Parties† Sampling (described in Chapter VI) Formulating Your Hypothesis (described in Chapter VII) Questionnaire Design -Translating the broad objectives of the study into questions that will obtain the necessary information.  Ã‚  1. 2. 7. Fieldwork – Collection of data through questionnaire or interview  Ã‚  1. 2. 8. Data Processing – coding and inputting the responses  Ã‚  1. 2. . Statistical Analysis (hypotheses testing)  Ã‚  1. 2. 10. Assembly of Results  Ã‚  1. 2. 11. Writing up the Results- drawing conclusions / interpretations and relating the findings to other research. You will have been given separate notes on report  writing. Types of Research A research can be classified as follows Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Analytical Research Causal Research Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Conceptual Research Modeling Research1. Exploratory Research:  The Exploratory Research structures and identifies new problems; it is an initial research which is commonly unstructured, informal   research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem, without having any specific end-objective. It is  usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. A research  that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study.  Ex: – Literature Survey, Experience survey. Descriptive Research:  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   Descriptive research is more rigid than exploratory research, this research carries out specific objectives and hence it results to a  definite conclusion. Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. For example, it describes  users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product or describes the happening of a certain  6  Ã‚  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  phenomenon. As opposed to exploratory research, if you are doing descriptive research you should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior  to beginning data collection. Analytical research:  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This type of research is used where information is already available, and analyzes these to make a critical evaluation of the material.  Analytical research takes descriptive research one stage further by seeking to explain the reasons  behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships. Once causal relationships have been discovered, the search then shifts to factors that can be  changed (variables) in order to influence the chain of causality. Typical questions in analytical research are: What factors might account for the high drop-out  rate on a particular degree programme? Typical methods used in analytical research include: Causal Research: – Casual Research seeks to find cause and affect relationships between variables. It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field  experiments. Quantitative Research: – This research answers the questions about data that can be measured in terms of quantity or amount. It is applicable to  phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative Research: – This research involves analysis of data such as words (e. g. , from interviews), pictures (e. g. , video), or objects (e. g. , an  artifact). Answer questions about nature of phenomena in order to describe phenomena and understand it from the participant‘s point of view.1. 3. 7 Conceptual Research: – This type of research is related to some ideas or theory and generally used by philosopher. Modelling Research: – This type of research is related to business situation where business situation is formulated into different types of model.Ex:-Mathematical model, simulation models1. Criteria of good research One thing that is important is the research work and the studies meet on the common ground of the scientific method. One expects scientific research to satisfy the  following criteria.  1. The purpose of research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used.7  Ã‚  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement.  3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible.  4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural designs and estimate their effects upon the findings.  5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate.  6. Conclusion should be considered to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.  7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research.  Ã‚  In other words we can state the qualities of a good research as under: Good research is systematic: it means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specific sequence in accordance with well defined set of  rules. Good research is logical: this implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and logical process of induction and deduction are of great  value in carrying out research. Good research is empirical: it implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a  basis for external validity to research results. Good research is replicable: this characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for  decisions. Ethics of Research As a profound social activity, research connects us to those who will use it, to those whose research we used, through them, to the research that our sources used;  Hence beyond technique, we need to think about ethics of civil communication. In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of  moral and immoral choices; Research challenges us to define individual moral principles; Academic researchers are less tempted to sacrifice principle for a  gain than commercial researchers. Plagiarism, claiming credit for results of others, misreport sources or invent results, data with questionable accuracy, destroy  or conceal sources and data important for those who follow beyond simple moral. Do not to what we should affirmatively do, i. e. concern for the integrity of the  work of the community combined with narrow moral standards with the larger ethical dimension. Research done in the best interests of others is also in your own. 8  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  End Chapter quizzes: 1. Research, in management, forms a base for a) Gathering knowledge  b) Interpretation of information  c) Business decision-making d) Reaching to conclusions 2. In research process, what is the next step after Defining the problem definition? a) Determine the Sampling design b) Review of Literature  c) Hypotheses Testing  d) Data interpretation and analysis 3. A research that analyzes the data and explores the possibility of obtaining as many as relationships as possible between different variables of the study, is  known as:   a) Exploratory Researchb) Analytical Research  c) Quantitative Research d) Descriptive Research 4. Observations, case studies and surveys are methods which are implemented under:   a) Quantitative Research b) Analytical Research  c) Conceptual Research d) Exploratory Research 5.Mathematical and simulation models are examples of:   a) Descriptive Research b) Conceptual Research c) Qualitative research  d) Modeling Research 6. Which statement, out of the following, doesn‘t cater to the Research Ethics?   a) Concern for the integrity of the work b) Define individual moral principles  c) Plagiarism  d) Work community with moral standards 7.Research, seeking to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships, can be defined as:   a) Causal Research   b) Modeling Research c) Qualitative Research d) Analytical Research 8. A descriptive research describes the users of a product, determines the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predicts future demand for a product a) Strongly agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree 9. Quantitative Research does not deal in: a) Figures b) Amount c) Relationships d) Quantities 10. Complete the statement: In addition to construction of bonds within any community, ethics deal with a range of a) Sacrifice people for a gain b) Claiming credit for results of others c) Moral and immoral choices d) Concealing objections that cannot be rebutted 1 Research Problem and Research Design Contents: 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 What is a Research Problem? 2. 3 How to Select the Problem 2. 3. 1 Sub-problem(S) 2. 3. 2 Statement of the Problem 2. 3. 3 Steps Involved In Defining A Problem 2. 4 Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design 2. 6 Different Research Designs 2. 6. 1 Research Design in case of Exploratory Research 2. 6. Research Design in case of Descriptive Research 2. 6. 2. 1 Longitudinal Studies 2. 6. 2. 2 Cross-sectional Studies 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research 11Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  2. 1 Introduction  Ã‚  Research forms a cycle. It starts with a problem and ends with a solution to the problem. The problem statement is therefore the axis which the whole research  revolves around, because it explains in short the aim of the research.  Ã‚  2. 2 What is a Research Problem?  Ã‚  A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. In other words, it refers to some difficulty which a  researcher experiences in context of a situation and wants to obtain the solution for the same. It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context  involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources  usually contribute to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific  literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third  source. Shortcomings in theories could be researched.  Ã‚  2. How to Select the Problem  Ã‚  The prospective researcher should think on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is: Are there  questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? Research originates from a need that arises. A clear distinction between the  PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, thinks about, and wants to find a solution for. The purpose is to  solve the problem, i. e. , find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless.  Ã‚  Keep the following in mind:[pic] Outline the general context of the problem area.  [pic] Highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area.  [pic] What appear to be some of the underlying assumptions of this area? pic] Why are these issues identified important?  [pic] What needs to be solved?  [pic] Read the subject to get to know the background and to identify unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the most significant issues for  further exploration. The research problem should be stated in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking on the part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding  solutions to the stated problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of either questions or statements.12  Ã‚  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  [pic] The research problem should always be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you  use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the reader what your intentions are.[pic] Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the main problem into sub- problems is of the utmost importance.   Sub-problem(S) Sub-problems are problems related to the main problem identified. Sub problems flow from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the  set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem. Statement of the Problem The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, i. e. , the WHO/ WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the  statement of the hypothesis. Steps involved in defining a Problem Statement of a problem should be given in broad general way: For example in case of a social research it is advisable to perform some field operations, collect  the survey, study it, and then phrase the problem in operational terms. Understanding the origin and the nature of the problem clearly: It is essential to know the point of origin of the problem and discuss the problem with those who  has a better knowledge of the concerned area. Survey all the literature available and examine them before defining a research problem. Finally rephrase the research problem in to a walking proposition. Checklist for Testing the Feasibility of the Research Problem YES   NO Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results have social, educational or scientific value? Will it be possible to apply the results in practice? Does the research contribute to the science of education? Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? Is there enough scope left within the area of research (field of research)? Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? Will it be practically possible to undertake the research? Is the research free of any ethical problems and limitations? Will it have any value? Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the research? Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough time and energy to complete the project?1 Do you have the necessary funds for the research? Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? 16  Ã‚  TOTAL: 2. 5 Meaning, Need and Features of a Research Design A research design is the plan or strategy, which helps in arranging the resources required for research purpose. It acts as a path or blueprint for the researcher. In other words, it is the advanced planning of the steps to be adapted for collection of relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis keeping different time and budget constraint in mind. Along with the population to be surveyed, size of sample, tools for analyzing data, interpretation of data, it also includes the budget and the time constraints too. 14Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  The Design decision is in respect to following terms: What is the study about?  Why to study a particular topic? Where the study will be conducted? Techniques to collect the relevant data? What will be the sample design?  How will the data be analyzed? What is the time required? What is the allocated Budget?  Need for Research Design: It helps for a smooth running of various research operations thereby making the research efficient, gaining maximum information with the  minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money.  Ã‚  The Research Design is divided into following parts:-  Ã‚  Research Design  Ã‚  Operational Design  Sampling Design  Ã‚  Observational Design  Statistical Design  (Sub-divisions of a Research Design)  Ã‚  Sampling Design: It deals with method of selection of samples to be collected /observed for a given study.  Ã‚  Observational Design: It deals with the constraints and exceptions under which the observations are to be made.  Ã‚  Statistical Design: It deals with the editing, coding and analysis of the data gathered.  Ã‚  Operational Design: It deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the above designs can be carried out. 15  Market Research   ADL-10  Features of a Good Design  Ã‚  It should define the objective of problem to be studied  It should minimize the biasness and maximize the reliability of data  It should give smallest experimental error  It should be flexible enough to permit the consideration of many different aspects of a phenomenon.Elements of a Research Design:  Ã‚  The important elements of a research design are:  [pic] Introduction: The Research proposal should define the research problem and the researcher‘s  precise interest in studying it. In other words it deals with the scope of study.  Ã‚  [pic] Statement of the problem: It includes the formulation of problem which actually explains the objective of research.[pic] Literature Review: It includes a review of different literatures and articles related to objective  of study. It is performed to get all the information‘s and researches done on the topic earlier.  [pic] Scope of Study: A complete study of any problem is difficult to study as it would entail an overwhelming amount of data. Therefore, the scope and dimensions  of the study should be delimited with reference to its depth, length, and geographical area to be covered, reference period, respondents to be studied and many other  different issues. We should consider the time frames decided for the study and should finish it within the same tome slot.[pic] Objective of Study: The questions to which the researcher proposes to seek answers through the study, comes under objectives. It should be stated clearly. For example: I.To study the nature of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. To investigate the impact of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. III. To examine the nature of relation between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IV. To identify the causes of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The objective statements should not be vague like ? to explore unemployment in India?[pic] Conceptual Model: After completing the above steps the researcher formulates and develops the structure of relationships among the variables under  investigation.  Ã‚  [pic] Hypotheses: A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. They refer to different possible outcomes.  Ã‚  16  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  [pic] Operational definition of concepts: It involves the different techniques used in exploratory and descriptive research in operational terms.  [pic] Significance of study: It is a careful statement of the value of the study and the possible applications of its findings which helps to justify purpose of  study, its importance and social relevance.  Ã‚  [pic] Geographical area to be covered: The territorial area to be covered depends on the purpose, nature of study and availability of resources. It should  be decided and specified in the research plan.  [pic] Reference Period: This refers to the time period of which the data is analyzed. Also it depends on the availability of data.  Ã‚  [pic] Sampling Plan: It is the study that requires collection of data from the fields, then we should decide the population to be selected for study and the  sampling design.  Ã‚  [pic] Tools for Gathering data: Personal and Telephonic Interviews, Questionnaire, checklist are different tools for data collection.[pic] Plan of Analysis: This includes the statistical techniques used for editing, coding and analysis of data.  Ã‚  [pic] Chapter Scheme: The chapter scheme of report or dissertation should be prepared to give the outlines and the studies of the research conducted.  Ã‚  [pic] Time Budget: The time period of research should be decided in advance and the research work should not exceed the time limits. This leads to loss of  resources and extra cost is involved.  [pic] Financial Budget: The cost of the project includes major categories like salary, printing, stationery, postage, travel expenses etc. 2. 6 Different Research Designs:2. 6. Research Design in case of Exploratory Research: -It is also termed as Formulative Research Studies. In this case we do not have enough understanding of the  problem. Its main purpose is more precise investigation about the objective of study. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems  they will meet during the study. Through this the researcher develops more clear concepts, establishes priorities, develop operational definitions also. This means  that a general study will be conducted without having any end-objective except to establish as many relationships as possible between the variables of study. The  Research Design in such studies must have inbuilt flexibility because the research problem broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more  precise meaning. This type of research lay the foundation for formulation of different hypotheses of research problems. It involves the study of  17  Ã‚  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  secondary data. It rarely involves structured questionnaire, large samples and probability sampling plans. Different types of Exploratory Research  [pic] Literature Survey: It is a study involving a collection of literatures in the selected area in which the researcher has limited experience, and critical  examination and comparison of them to have better understanding. It helps in updating the past data related to the topic of research. It also helps in  formulation of relevant hypothesis if it is not formed.[pic] Experience Survey: It is a survey of experiences of experts/specialists related to the field of research which acts as a database for future research. This  helps in generating ideas with minimum data collection. The decision making in the probabilistic situations is a complex process therefore the study of the  experiences of the executives/researchers can be carried out using experience survey. Bidding of Tenders, Technology forecasting, Manpower and Materials planning,  Production Scheduling, Portfolio Decisions etc. are examples of experience survey.2. 6. 2 Research Design in case of Descriptive Research : – It is carried out with specific objectives and hence a definite end-result. It is structured  research with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. It deals with describing the characteristics associated with the population chosen for  research, Estimates of the proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of relationship among several variables. It is based on large  representative samples. The design in such studies must be rigid and focus attention on the following:  What is the study about and why is it done? Designing methods of data collection. Selecting the sample.  Processing and analysis of data.  Interpretations of Results. Budget and Time Constraints.  Ã‚  For example: to describe characteristics of consumers, sales people, market areas or organizations. Longitudinal Studies Longitudinal studies are time series analyses that make repeated measurements of the same individuals, thus allowing you to monitor behavior such as  brand switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since many people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. Market ResearchADL-10 cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event Cross-sectional Studies Cross-sectional studies sample the population to make measurements at a specific point in time. A special type of within the same time interval over time. You can use Cohort analyses for long forecasting of product demand. 2. 6. 3 Research Design in case of Causal Research: -When it is necessary to determine that one variable determines values of other variables, causal research design is used. Thus the relationship between different variables is established. It is a research design in which the major emphasis is on determining a cause-and-effect relationship. When we start the research work it is not necessary that only one type of research is used, we can use a combination of two or all the three types of research. Also research is an unending process, so there may be a clue left, which can initiate a research objective for other researchers. 19  Market Research   ADL-10  Ã‚  End Chapter Quizzes 1. For an appropriate research, there should be a clear distinction between a. Methods and Tools  b. Purpose and Techniques  c. Problem and Methods for implementation d. Problem and Purpose ** 2. Which one of the following does not state the components of a research problem? a. An individual or group having some difficulty  b. There shouldn‘t be any doubt in the mind of researcher with regard to selection of  alternatives**  c. There must be some environment to which the difficulty pertains d. There must be some objectives to be attain How to cite Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Essay examples

Introduction to Accounting Observe Ethical and Technical

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Accounting for Observe Ethical and Technical. Answer: 1. Total amount of assets belonging to Tiny Tots Current assets $ Cash 1500 Prepaid rent 1000 Total 2500 Non-current liabilities Equipment 10000 Total 12500 Total Amount of liabilities Current liabilities $ Wages payable 2500 Accounts payable 4500 Non current liabilities Notes payable 1000 TOTAL 8000 C) Using the accounting equation, what is the amount of Owners Equity reported on Tiny Tots balance sheet Accounting equation states that Assets= liabilities + owners equity Assets= $12500 Liabilities=$8000 Owners Equity= 12500-8000= $4500 d)How much net profit did Tiny Tots have for the year tiny Tots Ltd Net profits for the year Revenues $4000 Less: Expenses $2000 Net Profit $2000 2. Plata Ltd Balance Sheet statement As At 30th June Current Assets $ Cash 131950 Receivable 70300 inventories 13026 Prepaid insurance 1500 Non Current Assets Plant and Equipment 183000 Intangible Assets Intangible 8750 Total Assets 408526 Financed By: CAPITAL 198626 Retained Profits 44950 LIABILITIES Current liabilities Accounts payable 8500 Salaries payable 1450 30% interest bearing 46500 Non Current Liabilities Long term liabilities 108500 Total Liabilities and Capital 408526 3. To: John Minor From: Frank Grey (CPA) Subject how ethics impact a CPA (Certified Practising Accountant The accountants boards all over the world are responsible for the development of accounting ethical values. These regulatory bodies requires practising accountants to act responsibly when serving the public. Accountants should act responsibly when reviewing sensitive financial information and also when engaging in any accounting services(Clarke, 2005). Sound Moral judgement should be exercised by a practising accountant in all their activities. While providing clients with professional services, accountants are expected to present accurate and truthful assessment of the company and its financial health to the public(Duska Duska, 2003). In accounting profession, integrity is a fundamental element. This requires accountants to be forthright, honest and candid with a client with regards to financial information. Accountants are required to restrict themselves from personal gain and the urge of taking advantage of confidential information. Integrity allows clients to get good information from the accountant. There are instances where differences of opinion or errors regarding applicability of laws in accounting, integrity enables accountants to avoid manipulating financial information and intentionally deceiving clients (Jeffrey, 2005). Ethics ensure accountants act in a consistent and professional manner. In the absence of standards, it is required that accountants should act in accordance to commonly accepted principles. Independence and objectivity are critical ethical values in accounting profession. When conducting business and offering services, accountants should remain free from conflict of interest and business relationships that are questionable (Jeffrey, 2008). Objectivity and independence ensures that an accountant provides information about a company that is factual and honest (Marriott, Edwards, Mellett, 2002). For accountants who perform more than one function for a single client, for example auditing, management advisory and tax services, they may compromise their independence and objectivity. Because an accountant may be reviewing their own work when auditing the same work hence objectivity and independence is vital for an accountant. Due care is an ethical value requiring an accountant to observe ethical and technical accounting standards set in the profession. In this case, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are used by the accountant (Professional ethics in accounting and finance, 2010). Due care requires professional accountants like us to exercise diligence, competence and a proper understanding of the financial information. Competence is based on experience and education, hence, due care requires experienced accountants to direct other accountants who have less experience in the profession. References Clarke, E. (2005).Accounting. South Melbourne, Vic.: Thomson. Duska, R. Duska, B. (2003).Accounting ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Jeffrey, C. (2005).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Jeffrey, C. (2008).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Bingley: Elsevier JAI. Marriott, P., Edwards, J., Mellett, H. (2002).Introduction to accounting. London: SAGE. Professional ethics in accounting and finance. (2010). London.

Frost And Dickinson Essays - American Christians, Emily Dickinson

Frost And Dickinson Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson are two Modern American Poets who consistently wrote about the theme of death. While there are some comparisons between the two poets, when it comes to death as a theme, their writing styles were quite different. Robert Frost's poem, "Home Burial," and Emily Dickinson's poems, "I felt a Funeral in my Brain," and "I died for Beauty," are three poems concerning death. While the theme is constant there are differences as well as similarities between the poets and their poems. The obvious comparison between the three poems is the theme of death. Both poets, in these works and many others, display a fascination with the death of themselves as well as the death of peers, and loved ones. Both Frost and Dickinson experienced a great deal of death throughout each of their lives. Frost's greatest loss was the death of his son, which is greatly depicted in his poem "Home Burial." Dickinson suffered the loss of many friends and family. She spent a lot of her time in her room looking out upon the headstones of these people. The only strong comparison between the poets, in terms of structure and technique, is that the meaning of their poems run much deeper then the specific words on a page. Even this can come as a contrast when looking at these three poems. "Home Burial," by Frost is a fairly straightforward poem, written in dialogue, with the writer working as the narrator. The poem is about a married couple dealing with the recent death of their son, who the husband had to bury in their own backyard. It is a considerably long poem, which doesn't require one to read between the lines. Where as "I felt a Funeral in my Brain," and "I died for Beauty," by Dickinson are considerably short poems, in which she seals as much as she reveals. Emily Dickinson's poetry was not that of any traditional style. She was criticized for capitalizing words in the middle of sentences, using inexact rhymes and only giving a partial understanding. She loved to use ellipses, in order to let the reader finish a thought. Many of these were actually eliminated in many of her first publications, which were never published until after her death. In the two poems, "I felt a Funeral in my Brain," and "I died for Beauty" all of these characteristics are present, including her usual four line stanzas in the meter of traditional hymns. Written in first person, "I felt a Funeral in my Brain" is about the thought of her own funeral. Imagining what is would be like in the coffin, where only the sense of sound is present. The last word of the poem is then-?, a classic example of an ellipse, where the reader is left to finish the poem on their own. "I died for Beauty also ends with an ellipse. The poem is about two dead people, herself and another man, resting side by side, buried underground. Like "Home Burial," by Frost, this was written in dialogue with the writer as the narrator. One died for Beauty and one for truth. Although it seemed as though they died for an important cause, with time their names will be forgotten. Unlike Dickinson, Robert Frost wrote in a traditional style. "Home Burial," like many of his poems, was written in iambic pentameter, giving five beats per line. Using iambic pentameter gives the poem a monotone, rhythmic feel. Because the poem reads very rhythmically, the seriousness of the poem is exaggerated. This dramatically differs from the two poems by Dickinson. Emily Dickinson's poems, though just as serious, come across quite a bit lighter then "Home Burial." The structure of her poems gives a riddle-like effect. The difference in length between the poems changes the mood as well. In Frost's poem the thought of death is drawn out simply by the length of the poem, where as the abruptness of Dickinson's poems give a much lighter feel. Another difference between Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson's poems is the perspective taken by the poet. In "Home Burial" there is mourning over the loss of a son. The poem is about dealing with another person's death. In "I felt a Funeral in my Brain," and "I died for Beauty," the poems deals with the inevitability of ones own death. Both poems are imagining what it will be like when she dies. In the poem "Home Burial," by Robert Frost, and in the poems "I felt a Funeral in

WALL Surname Meaning and Origin

WALL Surname Meaning and Origin The Wall surname has several possible meanings: a topographical surname often originally bestowed on someone who dwelled at or near a stone wall, from the Old English weall, and Latin vallum meaning wall or rampart. Often this was a wall built to fortify a town or a sea wall.  The Wall surname was also sometimes an occupational name given to a special kind of mason; a wall was one who specialized in building wall structures. This same meaning also has origins in Germany, from the middle high German wal.A topographical surname for someone who lived by a spring, from the northern Middle English walle, and Old English wà ¦lla, meaning well.In Germany the surname could indicate someone who lived near a wall, from the middle high German wal, or be a variant of the last name Wahl, meaning election or choice.In Ireland, Wall may have originally been de Valle (Gaelic  de Bhl),  meaning of the valley.Wall could also have Swedish origins, from  vall, meaning pasture or grazing ground. Surname Origin: English, Scottish, Swedish, German, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings: WALLS, WALE, WALES, WAHL, WALLENBERG, WAHLBERG  See also WALLER. Where in the World Is the WALL Surname Found? The Wall surname is found most commonly in Ireland, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially in the East and South East regions. It is also fairly prevalent in the West Midlands region of England, as well as Sweden, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.  Forebears  has the Wall last name as almost evenly common in both Ireland and Sweden. The Wall surname is fairly evenly distributed across the United States, but is especially common in North Carolina where it ranks #159. Famous People with the Last Name WALL Max Wall - English comedian and actorGarret D. Wall - New Jersey military officer and politicianWilliam Guy Wall - American painter of Irish birthArt Wall - PGA golf champion of the 1950sLucille Wall  - American actressJohn Wall  -  English Catholic Franciscan friar; martyr Genealogy Resources for the Surname WALL Wall/Walls DNA ProjectJoin over 220 researchers with the Wall surname or its variants interested in working together to combine Y-DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Wall ancestors around the world. 10 Top Databases for British GenealogyMillions of records from England, Scotland and Wales are available online in the form of digital images or transcriptions. These ten websites are a great starting point for anyone researching British ancestry. Wall Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Wall family crest or coat of arms for the Wall surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Wall Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Wall surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Wall query. FamilySearch - WALL GenealogyExplore over 3.2 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Wall surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. WALL Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Wall surname around the world. DistantCousin.com - WALL Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Wall. The Wall Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Wall last name from the website of Genealogy Today. -References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Health and Resources PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health and Resources - PowerPoint Presentation Example This is because of poor eating habit where people eat according to hunger and not diet, and inadequate physical exercise. Inadequate physical exercise enables the body to loose excess energy. This leads to obesity because the body metabolic activities get interfered with. Heart problems are usually associated with eating habits as mentioned earlier. Americans like a lot of meat and wheat products. These form excess fats in the body, which are carried by the transport medium (blood). Upon arriving in the heart, the fats get deposited on the coronary arteries blocking them. The pumping effect of the heart increases to clear the way, damaging the vessels. This causes heart problems like hypertension. Cubing this menace is now a responsibility of everyone in the country. The government has to create and disseminate information through accessible information media that will see citizens through this cruel pandemic. This research paper will explore the details of diabetes, its history, cau se, effects, treatment and control. Diabetes is a disease characterized by excess sugar in the blood, in addition to the in the urine. This is to say that, a diabetic patient has excess sugar in either urine or blood. They exist in two types; type 1 diabetes majorly found in children and type 2 diabetes affects adults. Sushruta, Arataeus, and Thomas Willis are among the first people to treat diabetes. Excess urination and sweet taste of urine were the only symptoms known until proved that the sweet taste was the taste of sugar, by Mathew Dobson. In the early discoveries of this disease, the patients received death sentence. In late 18th century, Johann Peter Frank differentiated between diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus. In the late 18th century, Von and his colleagues discovered that pancreas played a major role in the regulation of blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreas. It reduces excess sugar from the body. Thompson was the first patient of diabetes to

The Rogerian Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rogerian - Research Paper Example After completing the essay, I have acquired a balanced perspective regarding the two positions. The only difficulty I found in the writing of the assignment is reconciling the two views and giving a balanced position without being biased. This was only possible after considering the weaknesses and strengths of the each side. This was difficult because initially, I had my bias. In this assignment, I have enjoyed acting like a judge in trying to take a position that ensures justice to the disputing sides. I also enjoyed the additional knowledge I got from the advocates of both sides. I have also enjoyed learning about the topic because I have an interest in children rights. As I already said, I have an interest in children rights. We have never discussed his topic in another course. However, the topic concerns me as a scholar and as an advocate of children’s rights. No, you are, however, welcome to request any suggestions for improvements. THE ESSAY Terminating Parental Rights T erminating parental rights is a legal action that involves taking away parental right that a person has towards a child or children. In some cases, only one parent may have his or her rights terminated if there is sufficient ground for such an end. Sometimes, the real parents of the child are denied this right, and the child is put under the care of a foster parents. A person whose parental rights have been terminated has no responsibility over a child. Moreover, they do not owe disciplinary actions to that child, or any other form of child support. The termination of parental rights renders the parents or the parent affected to be strangers to the child, and they are not allowed to contact such a child (Dane County Juvenile Court 3). A parent is the best person who can look out for their children naturally and without complains. In fact, courts are extremely reluctant to terminate parental right until they have enough bases to do that because of this natural right. However, it is i nevitable to terminate the rights of a parent to his or her child if it has been proved that he or she is overly abusive to the child. In some cases, a child is better off under the care of different people such as relatives or foster parents (Barone, Weitz and Witt 396). Regardless of the justifications in favour of such an action, this experience can be psychologically damaging to both parties. This is because children and parents have a biological bond that cannot be replaced by placing children under the care of different people. Terminating of parental rights is an activity that has recently escalated in the United States. The act is justified because it has been considered to help vulnerable children hope for quality lives. Terminating parental rights is an activity that takes place voluntarily or involuntarily. Voluntary termination takes place when both parents agree to give up their parental right. This is, for instance, for the sake of adoption. If parents cannot meet the needs of a child and they want the child to be adopted, it is required that they terminate their parental rights in order to give the foster parents full rights and responsibilities over the child (Genty 5). Involuntary termination, however, happens when a parent has subjected the child to some unacceptable conditions such as sexual abuse and child labor (Schmidt 19). It is, however, challenging to separate a child from their parents. Terminating par

Kidney Function and Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Function and Alcohol - Essay Example The first process, i.e. Ultrafiltration means filtration under immense pressure and takes place in the Bowman’s capsule. A hydrostatic pressure develops in the capsule because the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole owing to which water, glucose, amino acids, urea and salts enter the capsule from the glomerulus through podocytes (McNaught & Callander, 1975). The second process, i.e. Reabsorption helps to return useful constituents back into the blood stream. Reabsorption takes place in the convoluted tubules as well as in the Loop of Henle. Active Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule where entire glucose, sodium, potassium, uric acid and 75% water is reabsorbed. After this the liquid enters the Loop of Henle where further salts and water are again reabsorbed. Almost 80% of the water Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle by obligatory Reabsorption. It is during Reabsorption that a counter cu rrent mechanism occurs and the urine is made hypertonic by regular exchange of sodium ions between the limbs of the Loop of Henle. Next, the urine passes into the distal convoluted tubule where the Reabsorption of water is initiated by a hormone named ADH or Vasopressin. Vasopressin or ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland and play an important role in regulating the amount of urine formed. Absence of ADH in the distal convoluted tubule decreases Reabsorption of water and hence large amounts of urine is passed whereas increased amount of ADH, increases Reabsorption of water and the quantity of urine passed is much less. The last process is called Tubular secretion which takes place in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting tubules. Tubular secretion is the opposite mechanism of tubular Reabsorption. Here, potassium ions are secreted to maintain the pH of the blood while sodium is reabsorbed by rennin-angiotensin mechanism (Dunn & Donnelly, 2008, pp79). After thi s the urine formed is voided through the urethra via the act of micturition. The kidneys not only help in elimination of harmful substances but also play an important role in maintaining blood volume. Kidneys are able to retain water and sodium, owing to hormone vasopressin and rennin-angiotensin mechanism help in regulating the blood volume too. Alcohol consumption is detrimental for the body in more ways than just one. It affects the liver, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system and is a major cause of disease such as liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cancer etc (Barclay et al, 2008). Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption is known to have adverse effects on the body especially on the excretory system because it taxes the kidneys heavily. Alcohol consumption impairs the efficiency of the kidneys and disturbs the fluid and electrolytic balance of the body. It has been observed that within half an hour of alcohol consumption, urine is excreted. The increase d loss of fluid through urine excretion leads to concentration of the electrolytes present in the blood. This is in fact the major reason that causes dehydration in people who consume alcohol. We are already aware of the fact that urine output depends largely on Anti-Diuretic hormone or Vasopressin. Vasopressin induces fluid conservation by the kidneys thereby concentrating the urine output. In the absence of this effect, the kidneys fail to conserve any fluid because of